Biodegradable And Eco-Friendly Polymers

Biosynthesis and biodegradation of environmentallyfriendly polymers

An Introduction to Biodegradable Polymers

With the increasing global concern for the environment, scientists and researchers have been striving to find sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics. One such alternative is biodegradable polymers, which are materials that can break down naturally into harmless substances.

Biodegradable polymers are typically made from renewable resources such as cornstarch, cellulose, or even algae. These materials are processed to create polymers that have similar properties to traditional plastics but with the added benefit of being biodegradable.

The Environmental Impact of Traditional Plastics

Traditional plastics, which are derived from fossil fuels, have had a devastating impact on the environment. They take hundreds of years to decompose and often end up in landfills or oceans, polluting ecosystems and harming marine life. This is why the development of biodegradable polymers is so crucial.

The Benefits of Biodegradable Polymers

Biodegradable polymers offer several advantages over traditional plastics. Firstly, they have a significantly reduced carbon footprint as they are made from renewable resources. This helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.

Secondly, biodegradable polymers break down much faster than traditional plastics. Depending on the specific polymer, they can decompose within months or a few years, compared to the centuries it takes for traditional plastics to degrade.

Applications of Biodegradable Polymers

Biodegradable polymers have a wide range of applications across various industries. One of the most common uses is in packaging materials. Biodegradable polymers can be used to create eco-friendly packaging that decomposes quickly and does not contribute to plastic waste.

Another application is in agriculture, where biodegradable polymers can be used as mulch films or seed coatings. These films eventually break down into the soil, reducing the need for plastic removal and minimizing environmental pollution.

The Future of Biodegradable Polymers

The development and use of biodegradable polymers are expected to increase in the coming years. As governments and consumers become more environmentally conscious, there will be a greater demand for sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics.

Researchers are continuously working on improving the properties and performance of biodegradable polymers to make them more versatile and cost-effective. This will open up new opportunities for their use in various industries, helping to create a more sustainable future.

Conclusion

Biodegradable polymers offer a promising solution to the environmental problems caused by traditional plastics. They provide a sustainable alternative that can help reduce plastic waste, decrease carbon emissions, and protect our ecosystems. With ongoing research and advancements, biodegradable polymers have the potential to revolutionize the way we think about materials and contribute to a greener and healthier planet.

Biodegradable Polymers in the Circular Plastics Economy Michiel and

An Introduction to Biodegradable Polymers

With the increasing global concern for the environment, scientists and researchers have been striving to find sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics. One such alternative is biodegradable polymers, which are materials that can break down naturally into harmless substances.

Biodegradable polymers are typically made from renewable resources such as cornstarch, cellulose, or even algae. These materials are processed to create polymers that have similar properties to traditional plastics but with the added benefit of being biodegradable.

The Environmental Impact of Traditional Plastics

Traditional plastics, which are derived from fossil fuels, have had a devastating impact on the environment. They take hundreds of years to decompose and often end up in landfills or oceans, polluting ecosystems and harming marine life. This is why the development of biodegradable polymers is so crucial.

The Benefits of Biodegradable Polymers

Biodegradable polymers offer several advantages over traditional plastics. Firstly, they have a significantly reduced carbon footprint as they are made from renewable resources. This helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.

Secondly, biodegradable polymers break down much faster than traditional plastics. Depending on the specific polymer, they can decompose within months or a few years, compared to the centuries it takes for traditional plastics to degrade.

Applications of Biodegradable Polymers

Biodegradable polymers have a wide range of applications across various industries. One of the most common uses is in packaging materials. Biodegradable polymers can be used to create eco-friendly packaging that decomposes quickly and does not contribute to plastic waste.

Another application is in agriculture, where biodegradable polymers can be used as mulch films or seed coatings. These films eventually break down into the soil, reducing the need for plastic removal and minimizing environmental pollution.

The Future of Biodegradable Polymers

The development and use of biodegradable polymers are expected to increase in the coming years. As governments and consumers become more environmentally conscious, there will be a greater demand for sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics.

Researchers are continuously working on improving the properties and performance of biodegradable polymers to make them more versatile and cost-effective. This will open up new opportunities for their use in various industries, helping to create a more sustainable future.

Conclusion

Biodegradable polymers offer a promising solution to the environmental problems caused by traditional plastics. They provide a sustainable alternative that can help reduce plastic waste, decrease carbon emissions, and protect our ecosystems. With ongoing research and advancements, biodegradable polymers have the potential to revolutionize the way we think about materials and contribute to a greener and healthier planet.

Biodegradable Polymers Green Emblem Stock Vector Illustration of

An Introduction to Biodegradable Polymers

With the increasing global concern for the environment, scientists and researchers have been striving to find sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics. One such alternative is biodegradable polymers, which are materials that can break down naturally into harmless substances.

Biodegradable polymers are typically made from renewable resources such as cornstarch, cellulose, or even algae. These materials are processed to create polymers that have similar properties to traditional plastics but with the added benefit of being biodegradable.

The Environmental Impact of Traditional Plastics

Traditional plastics, which are derived from fossil fuels, have had a devastating impact on the environment. They take hundreds of years to decompose and often end up in landfills or oceans, polluting ecosystems and harming marine life. This is why the development of biodegradable polymers is so crucial.

The Benefits of Biodegradable Polymers

Biodegradable polymers offer several advantages over traditional plastics. Firstly, they have a significantly reduced carbon footprint as they are made from renewable resources. This helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.

Secondly, biodegradable polymers break down much faster than traditional plastics. Depending on the specific polymer, they can decompose within months or a few years, compared to the centuries it takes for traditional plastics to degrade.

Applications of Biodegradable Polymers

Biodegradable polymers have a wide range of applications across various industries. One of the most common uses is in packaging materials. Biodegradable polymers can be used to create eco-friendly packaging that decomposes quickly and does not contribute to plastic waste.

Another application is in agriculture, where biodegradable polymers can be used as mulch films or seed coatings. These films eventually break down into the soil, reducing the need for plastic removal and minimizing environmental pollution.

The Future of Biodegradable Polymers

The development and use of biodegradable polymers are expected to increase in the coming years. As governments and consumers become more environmentally conscious, there will be a greater demand for sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics.

Researchers are continuously working on improving the properties and performance of biodegradable polymers to make them more versatile and cost-effective. This will open up new opportunities for their use in various industries, helping to create a more sustainable future.

Conclusion

Biodegradable polymers offer a promising solution to the environmental problems caused by traditional plastics. They provide a sustainable alternative that can help reduce plastic waste, decrease carbon emissions, and protect our ecosystems. With ongoing research and advancements, biodegradable polymers have the potential to revolutionize the way we think about materials and contribute to a greener and healthier planet.

Biodegradable Polymers List, Types, Examples, Uses & Applications

An Introduction to Biodegradable Polymers

With the increasing global concern for the environment, scientists and researchers have been striving to find sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics. One such alternative is biodegradable polymers, which are materials that can break down naturally into harmless substances.

Biodegradable polymers are typically made from renewable resources such as cornstarch, cellulose, or even algae. These materials are processed to create polymers that have similar properties to traditional plastics but with the added benefit of being biodegradable.

The Environmental Impact of Traditional Plastics

Traditional plastics, which are derived from fossil fuels, have had a devastating impact on the environment. They take hundreds of years to decompose and often end up in landfills or oceans, polluting ecosystems and harming marine life. This is why the development of biodegradable polymers is so crucial.

The Benefits of Biodegradable Polymers

Biodegradable polymers offer several advantages over traditional plastics. Firstly, they have a significantly reduced carbon footprint as they are made from renewable resources. This helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.

Secondly, biodegradable polymers break down much faster than traditional plastics. Depending on the specific polymer, they can decompose within months or a few years, compared to the centuries it takes for traditional plastics to degrade.

Applications of Biodegradable Polymers

Biodegradable polymers have a wide range of applications across various industries. One of the most common uses is in packaging materials. Biodegradable polymers can be used to create eco-friendly packaging that decomposes quickly and does not contribute to plastic waste.

Another application is in agriculture, where biodegradable polymers can be used as mulch films or seed coatings. These films eventually break down into the soil, reducing the need for plastic removal and minimizing environmental pollution.

The Future of Biodegradable Polymers

The development and use of biodegradable polymers are expected to increase in the coming years. As governments and consumers become more environmentally conscious, there will be a greater demand for sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics.

Researchers are continuously working on improving the properties and performance of biodegradable polymers to make them more versatile and cost-effective. This will open up new opportunities for their use in various industries, helping to create a more sustainable future.

Conclusion

Biodegradable polymers offer a promising solution to the environmental problems caused by traditional plastics. They provide a sustainable alternative that can help reduce plastic waste, decrease carbon emissions, and protect our ecosystems. With ongoing research and advancements, biodegradable polymers have the potential to revolutionize the way we think about materials and contribute to a greener and healthier planet.

Biodegradable, compostable polymer films show promise for developing

An Introduction to Biodegradable Polymers

With the increasing global concern for the environment, scientists and researchers have been striving to find sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics. One such alternative is biodegradable polymers, which are materials that can break down naturally into harmless substances.

Biodegradable polymers are typically made from renewable resources such as cornstarch, cellulose, or even algae. These materials are processed to create polymers that have similar properties to traditional plastics but with the added benefit of being biodegradable.

The Environmental Impact of Traditional Plastics

Traditional plastics, which are derived from fossil fuels, have had a devastating impact on the environment. They take hundreds of years to decompose and often end up in landfills or oceans, polluting ecosystems and harming marine life. This is why the development of biodegradable polymers is so crucial.

The Benefits of Biodegradable Polymers

Biodegradable polymers offer several advantages over traditional plastics. Firstly, they have a significantly reduced carbon footprint as they are made from renewable resources. This helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.

Secondly, biodegradable polymers break down much faster than traditional plastics. Depending on the specific polymer, they can decompose within months or a few years, compared to the centuries it takes for traditional plastics to degrade.

Applications of Biodegradable Polymers

Biodegradable polymers have a wide range of applications across various industries. One of the most common uses is in packaging materials. Biodegradable polymers can be used to create eco-friendly packaging that decomposes quickly and does not contribute to plastic waste.

Another application is in agriculture, where biodegradable polymers can be used as mulch films or seed coatings. These films eventually break down into the soil, reducing the need for plastic removal and minimizing environmental pollution.

The Future of Biodegradable Polymers

The development and use of biodegradable polymers are expected to increase in the coming years. As governments and consumers become more environmentally conscious, there will be a greater demand for sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics.

Researchers are continuously working on improving the properties and performance of biodegradable polymers to make them more versatile and cost-effective. This will open up new opportunities for their use in various industries, helping to create a more sustainable future.

Conclusion

Biodegradable polymers offer a promising solution to the environmental problems caused by traditional plastics. They provide a sustainable alternative that can help reduce plastic waste, decrease carbon emissions, and protect our ecosystems. With ongoing research and advancements, biodegradable polymers have the potential to revolutionize the way we think about materials and contribute to a greener and healthier planet.

Advanced Materials For Electric Vehicle Batteries

Thermal interface materials for electric vehicle battery packs

The Rise of Electric Vehicles

With the increasing concern for climate change and the need for sustainable transportation, electric vehicles (EVs) have gained significant popularity in recent years. As EV technology continues to advance, one of the key areas of focus is the development of advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries.

Enhancing Battery Performance

Traditional lithium-ion batteries have limitations in terms of energy storage capacity, charging time, and lifespan. To overcome these limitations, researchers and manufacturers are constantly exploring new materials that can enhance battery performance.

One such material is graphene, a super-thin sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Graphene has exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical strength, making it an ideal candidate for improving the energy storage capacity of batteries.

Improving Energy Density

Another area of focus is improving the energy density of EV batteries. Energy density refers to the amount of energy that can be stored in a given volume or mass. By increasing the energy density, EVs can achieve longer driving ranges.

One approach to improving energy density is the use of solid-state batteries. These batteries use solid electrolytes instead of liquid electrolytes, which can increase energy density while also improving safety and reducing the risk of leakage or overheating.

Extending Battery Lifespan

Battery lifespan is another critical factor in the development of advanced materials for EV batteries. Over time, the capacity of a battery decreases due to chemical reactions that occur during charging and discharging.

To extend battery lifespan, researchers are exploring materials such as silicon anodes. Silicon has a higher energy storage capacity compared to graphite, which is commonly used in lithium-ion batteries. However, silicon anodes face challenges such as expansion during charging and discharging cycles, which can lead to reduced battery performance. Efforts are being made to overcome these challenges and make silicon anodes a viable option for EV batteries.

The Future of Advanced Materials

The development of advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries is crucial for the widespread adoption of EVs. As technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see even more innovative materials being used in battery manufacturing.

Researchers are also exploring the use of materials such as lithium-sulfur and lithium-air batteries, which have the potential to offer higher energy densities and longer lifespans compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries.

The Importance of Collaboration

The development of advanced materials for EV batteries requires collaboration between researchers, manufacturers, and other stakeholders. Government support and investment in research and development are also crucial to drive innovation in this field.

A Sustainable Future

By investing in advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries, we can accelerate the transition to a more sustainable future. EVs powered by high-performance batteries will not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also provide a reliable and efficient mode of transportation for years to come.

Conclusion

The development of advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries is key to unlocking the full potential of EVs. With ongoing research and collaboration, we can expect to see significant advancements in battery technology, resulting in longer driving ranges, faster charging times, and more durable batteries for electric vehicles.

Thermal Interface Materials for Electric Vehicle Battery Packs

The Rise of Electric Vehicles

With the increasing concern for climate change and the need for sustainable transportation, electric vehicles (EVs) have gained significant popularity in recent years. As EV technology continues to advance, one of the key areas of focus is the development of advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries.

Enhancing Battery Performance

Traditional lithium-ion batteries have limitations in terms of energy storage capacity, charging time, and lifespan. To overcome these limitations, researchers and manufacturers are constantly exploring new materials that can enhance battery performance.

One such material is graphene, a super-thin sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Graphene has exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical strength, making it an ideal candidate for improving the energy storage capacity of batteries.

Improving Energy Density

Another area of focus is improving the energy density of EV batteries. Energy density refers to the amount of energy that can be stored in a given volume or mass. By increasing the energy density, EVs can achieve longer driving ranges.

One approach to improving energy density is the use of solid-state batteries. These batteries use solid electrolytes instead of liquid electrolytes, which can increase energy density while also improving safety and reducing the risk of leakage or overheating.

Extending Battery Lifespan

Battery lifespan is another critical factor in the development of advanced materials for EV batteries. Over time, the capacity of a battery decreases due to chemical reactions that occur during charging and discharging.

To extend battery lifespan, researchers are exploring materials such as silicon anodes. Silicon has a higher energy storage capacity compared to graphite, which is commonly used in lithium-ion batteries. However, silicon anodes face challenges such as expansion during charging and discharging cycles, which can lead to reduced battery performance. Efforts are being made to overcome these challenges and make silicon anodes a viable option for EV batteries.

The Future of Advanced Materials

The development of advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries is crucial for the widespread adoption of EVs. As technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see even more innovative materials being used in battery manufacturing.

Researchers are also exploring the use of materials such as lithium-sulfur and lithium-air batteries, which have the potential to offer higher energy densities and longer lifespans compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries.

The Importance of Collaboration

The development of advanced materials for EV batteries requires collaboration between researchers, manufacturers, and other stakeholders. Government support and investment in research and development are also crucial to drive innovation in this field.

A Sustainable Future

By investing in advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries, we can accelerate the transition to a more sustainable future. EVs powered by high-performance batteries will not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also provide a reliable and efficient mode of transportation for years to come.

Conclusion

The development of advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries is key to unlocking the full potential of EVs. With ongoing research and collaboration, we can expect to see significant advancements in battery technology, resulting in longer driving ranges, faster charging times, and more durable batteries for electric vehicles.

Designing better batteries for electric vehicles MIT News

The Rise of Electric Vehicles

With the increasing concern for climate change and the need for sustainable transportation, electric vehicles (EVs) have gained significant popularity in recent years. As EV technology continues to advance, one of the key areas of focus is the development of advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries.

Enhancing Battery Performance

Traditional lithium-ion batteries have limitations in terms of energy storage capacity, charging time, and lifespan. To overcome these limitations, researchers and manufacturers are constantly exploring new materials that can enhance battery performance.

One such material is graphene, a super-thin sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Graphene has exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical strength, making it an ideal candidate for improving the energy storage capacity of batteries.

Improving Energy Density

Another area of focus is improving the energy density of EV batteries. Energy density refers to the amount of energy that can be stored in a given volume or mass. By increasing the energy density, EVs can achieve longer driving ranges.

One approach to improving energy density is the use of solid-state batteries. These batteries use solid electrolytes instead of liquid electrolytes, which can increase energy density while also improving safety and reducing the risk of leakage or overheating.

Extending Battery Lifespan

Battery lifespan is another critical factor in the development of advanced materials for EV batteries. Over time, the capacity of a battery decreases due to chemical reactions that occur during charging and discharging.

To extend battery lifespan, researchers are exploring materials such as silicon anodes. Silicon has a higher energy storage capacity compared to graphite, which is commonly used in lithium-ion batteries. However, silicon anodes face challenges such as expansion during charging and discharging cycles, which can lead to reduced battery performance. Efforts are being made to overcome these challenges and make silicon anodes a viable option for EV batteries.

The Future of Advanced Materials

The development of advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries is crucial for the widespread adoption of EVs. As technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see even more innovative materials being used in battery manufacturing.

Researchers are also exploring the use of materials such as lithium-sulfur and lithium-air batteries, which have the potential to offer higher energy densities and longer lifespans compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries.

The Importance of Collaboration

The development of advanced materials for EV batteries requires collaboration between researchers, manufacturers, and other stakeholders. Government support and investment in research and development are also crucial to drive innovation in this field.

A Sustainable Future

By investing in advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries, we can accelerate the transition to a more sustainable future. EVs powered by high-performance batteries will not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also provide a reliable and efficient mode of transportation for years to come.

Conclusion

The development of advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries is key to unlocking the full potential of EVs. With ongoing research and collaboration, we can expect to see significant advancements in battery technology, resulting in longer driving ranges, faster charging times, and more durable batteries for electric vehicles.

Immersion of Electric Vehicle Batteries The Best Way to Keep Cool

The Rise of Electric Vehicles

With the increasing concern for climate change and the need for sustainable transportation, electric vehicles (EVs) have gained significant popularity in recent years. As EV technology continues to advance, one of the key areas of focus is the development of advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries.

Enhancing Battery Performance

Traditional lithium-ion batteries have limitations in terms of energy storage capacity, charging time, and lifespan. To overcome these limitations, researchers and manufacturers are constantly exploring new materials that can enhance battery performance.

One such material is graphene, a super-thin sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Graphene has exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical strength, making it an ideal candidate for improving the energy storage capacity of batteries.

Improving Energy Density

Another area of focus is improving the energy density of EV batteries. Energy density refers to the amount of energy that can be stored in a given volume or mass. By increasing the energy density, EVs can achieve longer driving ranges.

One approach to improving energy density is the use of solid-state batteries. These batteries use solid electrolytes instead of liquid electrolytes, which can increase energy density while also improving safety and reducing the risk of leakage or overheating.

Extending Battery Lifespan

Battery lifespan is another critical factor in the development of advanced materials for EV batteries. Over time, the capacity of a battery decreases due to chemical reactions that occur during charging and discharging.

To extend battery lifespan, researchers are exploring materials such as silicon anodes. Silicon has a higher energy storage capacity compared to graphite, which is commonly used in lithium-ion batteries. However, silicon anodes face challenges such as expansion during charging and discharging cycles, which can lead to reduced battery performance. Efforts are being made to overcome these challenges and make silicon anodes a viable option for EV batteries.

The Future of Advanced Materials

The development of advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries is crucial for the widespread adoption of EVs. As technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see even more innovative materials being used in battery manufacturing.

Researchers are also exploring the use of materials such as lithium-sulfur and lithium-air batteries, which have the potential to offer higher energy densities and longer lifespans compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries.

The Importance of Collaboration

The development of advanced materials for EV batteries requires collaboration between researchers, manufacturers, and other stakeholders. Government support and investment in research and development are also crucial to drive innovation in this field.

A Sustainable Future

By investing in advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries, we can accelerate the transition to a more sustainable future. EVs powered by high-performance batteries will not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also provide a reliable and efficient mode of transportation for years to come.

Conclusion

The development of advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries is key to unlocking the full potential of EVs. With ongoing research and collaboration, we can expect to see significant advancements in battery technology, resulting in longer driving ranges, faster charging times, and more durable batteries for electric vehicles.

Carbon Material for electric car battery (EV/PHV/HV)|Technology for the

The Rise of Electric Vehicles

With the increasing concern for climate change and the need for sustainable transportation, electric vehicles (EVs) have gained significant popularity in recent years. As EV technology continues to advance, one of the key areas of focus is the development of advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries.

Enhancing Battery Performance

Traditional lithium-ion batteries have limitations in terms of energy storage capacity, charging time, and lifespan. To overcome these limitations, researchers and manufacturers are constantly exploring new materials that can enhance battery performance.

One such material is graphene, a super-thin sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Graphene has exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical strength, making it an ideal candidate for improving the energy storage capacity of batteries.

Improving Energy Density

Another area of focus is improving the energy density of EV batteries. Energy density refers to the amount of energy that can be stored in a given volume or mass. By increasing the energy density, EVs can achieve longer driving ranges.

One approach to improving energy density is the use of solid-state batteries. These batteries use solid electrolytes instead of liquid electrolytes, which can increase energy density while also improving safety and reducing the risk of leakage or overheating.

Extending Battery Lifespan

Battery lifespan is another critical factor in the development of advanced materials for EV batteries. Over time, the capacity of a battery decreases due to chemical reactions that occur during charging and discharging.

To extend battery lifespan, researchers are exploring materials such as silicon anodes. Silicon has a higher energy storage capacity compared to graphite, which is commonly used in lithium-ion batteries. However, silicon anodes face challenges such as expansion during charging and discharging cycles, which can lead to reduced battery performance. Efforts are being made to overcome these challenges and make silicon anodes a viable option for EV batteries.

The Future of Advanced Materials

The development of advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries is crucial for the widespread adoption of EVs. As technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see even more innovative materials being used in battery manufacturing.

Researchers are also exploring the use of materials such as lithium-sulfur and lithium-air batteries, which have the potential to offer higher energy densities and longer lifespans compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries.

The Importance of Collaboration

The development of advanced materials for EV batteries requires collaboration between researchers, manufacturers, and other stakeholders. Government support and investment in research and development are also crucial to drive innovation in this field.

A Sustainable Future

By investing in advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries, we can accelerate the transition to a more sustainable future. EVs powered by high-performance batteries will not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also provide a reliable and efficient mode of transportation for years to come.

Conclusion

The development of advanced materials for electric vehicle batteries is key to unlocking the full potential of EVs. With ongoing research and collaboration, we can expect to see significant advancements in battery technology, resulting in longer driving ranges, faster charging times, and more durable batteries for electric vehicles.